class item:
    def __init__(self, name: str, price: float, quantity=0):
        # Run validations to the received arguments
        assert price >= 0, f"Price {price} is not greater than or equal to zero!"
        assert quantity >= 0, f"Quantity {quantity} is not greater than or equal to zero!"

        # Assign to self object
        self.name = name
        self.price = price
        self.quantity = quantity

    def calculate_total_price(self):
        return self.price * self.quantity

    def apply_discount(self, discount):
        self.price = self.price * (1 - discount)
        assert self.price >= 0, f"Price {self.price} is not greater than or equal to zero!"
        return self.price
      
    def __repr__(self):
        return f"item('{self.name}', {self.price}, {self.quantity})"

    def __str__(self):
        return f"Item: {self.name}, Price: {self.price}, Quantity: {self.quantity}"
    
    @property
    def name(self):
        return self._name

    @property
    def price(self):
        return self._price

    @property
    def quantity(self):
        return self._quantity
    @name.setter
    def name(self, value):
        if len(value) > 10:
            raise Exception("The name is too long!")
        else:
            self._name = value

    @price.setter
    def price(self, value):
        if value < 0:
            raise Exception("Price cannot be negative!")
        else:
            self._price = value

    @quantity.setter
    def quantity(self, value):
        if value < 0:
            raise Exception("Quantity cannot be negative!")
        else:
            self._quantity = value

    @classmethod
    def instantiate_from_csv(cls, filename):
        import csv
        with open(filename, 'r') as f:
            reader = csv.DictReader(f)
            items = list(reader)
            for item in items:
                item['price'] = float(item['price'])
                item['quantity'] = int(item['quantity'])
            return [cls(**item) for item in items]  
    @staticmethod
    def is_integer(num):
        # We will count out the floats that are point zero
        if isinstance(num, float):
            # Count out the floats that are point zero
            return num.is_integer()
        elif isinstance(num, int):
            return True
        else:
            return False    
    def __add__(self, other):
        if isinstance(other, item):
            return self.quantity + other.quantity
        else:
            raise Exception("You cannot add these two objects")
    def __radd__(self, other):
        return self.__add__(other)
    def __mul__(self, other):
        if isinstance(other, (int, float)):
            return self.price * other
        else:
            raise Exception("You cannot multiply these two objects")
    def __rmul__(self, other):
        return self.__mul__(other)  
    def __eq__(self, other):
        if isinstance(other, item):
            return self.price == other.price and self.quantity == other.quantity
        else:
            return False
    def __lt__(self, other):
        if isinstance(other, item):
            return self.price < other.price
        else:
            raise Exception("You cannot compare these two objects")
    def __le__(self, other):
        if isinstance(other, item):
            return self.price <= other.price
        else:
            raise Exception("You cannot compare these two objects")
    def __gt__(self, other):
        if isinstance(other, item):
            return self.price > other.price
        else:
            raise Exception("You cannot compare these two objects")
    def __ge__(self, other):    
        if isinstance(other, item):
            return self.price >= other.price
        else:
            raise Exception("You cannot compare these two objects") 
        
    def __ne__(self, other):
        if isinstance(other, item):
            return self.price != other.price or self.quantity != other.quantity
        else:
            return True 
    def __hash__(self):
        return hash((self.name, self.price, self.quantity))
    def __bool__(self):
        return self.quantity > 0
    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.name)
    def __getitem__(self, index):
        return self.name[index] 
    def __setitem__(self, index, value):
        name_list = list(self.name)
        name_list[index] = value
        self.name = ''.join(name_list)
    def __delitem__(self, index):
        name_list = list(self.name)
        del name_list[index]
        self.name = ''.join(name_list)
    def __contains__(self, item):
        return item in self.name    
    def __dir__(self):
        return ['name', 'price', 'quantity', 'calculate_total_price', 'apply_discount', 'instantiate_from_csv', 'is_integer']   
    def __format__(self, format_spec):
        if format_spec == 'name':
            return self.name
        elif format_spec == 'price':
            return f"{self.price:.2f}"
        elif format_spec == 'quantity':
            return str(self.quantity)
        else:
            return str(self)
    def __getstate__(self):
        return self.__dict__    
    def __setstate__(self, state):
        self.__dict__.update(state) 
    def __copy__(self):
        return item(self.name, self.price, self.quantity)
    def __deepcopy__(self, memo):
        from copy import deepcopy
        return item(deepcopy(self.name, memo), deepcopy(self.price, memo), deepcopy(self.quantity, memo))   
    def __reversed__(self):
        return item(self.name[::-1], self.price, self.quantity)
    # The following methods are already defined above, so they should not be duplicated.
    # Remove the duplicate definitions to avoid syntax errors and keep only one implementation.

    # (No code needed here, as the correct implementations are already present earlier in the class.)
example = item("Example", 10.0, 5)
print(example)  # Output: Item: Example, Price: 10.0, Quantity: 5
print(repr(example))  # Output: item('Example', 10.0, 5)
print(example.calculate_total_price())  # Output: 50.0